The SKA FACTS

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Nebulae And Star Clusters

A Nebulae is a cloud of dust and gas inside a galaxy. Nebula become visible if the gas close or is the cloud reflect starlight or obscures light from more distant objects. Emission nebulous Shine because there gas emits light when it is stimulated by radiation from hot young stars. Reflection nebulae Shine because there does reflects light from Star ine for around the nebula. Dark nebula appeared as silhouettes because they blocked out light from shining nebulae or stars behind them to types of nebula are associated with dying stars planetary nebulae and Supernova remnants full stop both consist of expanding shells of gas that were once the outer layers of a star. A planetary nebula is a gas shell drifting away from a dying Stellar core. A supernova remnant is a gas shell moving away from a Stellar core at great speed following a violent explosion called a supernova full stops are soft and found in groups known as clusters. Open clusters are loose group of a few thousand young stars that were born from the same cloud and are different apart. Globular clusters are densely packed the comma roughly spherical groups of hundreds of thousands of oldest stars.

Some of the nebulae and star clusters are given below

**Pleiades (open star cluster) with a Reflection Nebulae**

**Trifid Nebulae (Emission** **Nebula)**

**Orion Nebula** **(Diffuse Emission Nebula**)

Galaxies

Galaxy is a huge mass of stars communicable and interstellar material. The smallest galaxies contain about 100000 stars, while the largest container up to 3000 billion stars. There are three main types of galaxies classified according to their shape; elliptical which are oval shaped; spiral coma which have arms spiralling out words from a central bulge (those whose aam spiral from bar shaped bulge are called spirals); and irregular, which have no of their shape. Sometimes the shape of a Galaxy is distorted by a collision with another galaxy. Quasars (quasisteller objects) are thought to be Galaxy nuclear but are so far away that their exact nature is still uncertain. They are a highly luminous objects in the outer reaches of the known universe while the furthest known “ordinary” galaxies are about 12 billion light years away the furthest known quasar is about 13 billion light years away. Active galaxies, such as Seyfert galaxies and radio galaxies emit intense radiation. In a Seyfert galaxy, this radiation comes from the galactic nucleus; in a radio galaxy , it also comes from huge lobes other side of the Galaxy. The radiation from active galaxies and quasars is thought to be caused by material falling into central black holes.

The Dinosaurs

The dinosaurs were a large group of reptiles that were dominant large vertebrates (animals with backbones) for most of the meso era 245-65 million of years ago. There appeared some 230 million years and were distinguished from other scaly, egg laying reptiles by an important: dinosaurs had an erect limb stance. This enabled them to keep their body is well above the ground unlike the sprawling and semi sprawling stance of other reptiles. The head of the dinosaurs femur fitted into a socket in its pelvis producing effect and mobile locomotion. Dinosaurs are categorised into two groups according to the structure of their pelvis saurischian (lizard hipped) and ornithischains it’s slanted back, parallel to the ischium (another part of the pelvis). Dinosaurs raised in size from smaller than a domestic cat to the biggest land animal ever known. The Dinosauria world the most successful and vertebrates ever and survived for 165 million years until most common extinct 65 million years ago.

The New Solar System

Ancient observer’s watch the celestial bodies more regularly against the starry sky. Those movements inspired the word “planet”, from the Greek wonder. The ancients named and honoured the Sun, moon, and five planets that they believe revolve around Earth: mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.

In the 16th century, Nicolas Copernicus disputed the notion that most heavenly body’s orbited earth with his proposal of a heliocentric universe. Uranus was discovered– rather, it was identified as a planet and not a star bi British number William Herschel in 1718. In 1846 German astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle identified Neptune. Tiny Pluto turned up to a photographic plate at Arizona’s Lowell observatory in 1930.

The list of our solar systems 9 planets was challenge in 2005 when the discovery of a large body in the kuiper belt reopened rigorous discussion among astronomical and planetary classification.

The international astronomical union met in Paraguay in August 2006 and, do only a fraction of its member were present for the vote arrived at a new definition of planet. The effect of this decision change the line of for our solar system, leaving the number of planets an “elite eight”. The i u a classified Pluto with two other smallest bodies as dwarf planets ongoing discoveries no doubt will continue to change our view of the solar system.

Fact– our address in the universe looks something like this: Earth from the sun, solar system, Local in interstellar cloud, local bubble, Orion arm, Milky way, Local group supercluster visible universe universe.

More new planets??

The definition of a planet and the list of the planets in our solar system may keep changing at one point during the great 23 shakeup of 2016 I briefly proposed definition that would have included more than a hundred objects belonging to the cat- egory of “planets”.

Ceres, Pluto, Huamea and Eris are dwarf planets; the latter three and their moon are further designated as blue toys coma 12 planets found beyond Neptune and Kuiper belt. Huamea, officially recognised in 2008 is the new nearest plutoid. This egg shaped dwarf planet spins rapidly completing one rotation every 4 hour.

Fact– newly discovered dwarf planet suggest that our planet up to 10 times the size of earth may be awaiting far beyond Pluto.

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Trees

Trees are formed by far the bulk of Earth’s Biomass. In life and in death tress contribute to the biosphere by making oxygen, moving water, storing carbon dioxide, enriching soil with dead and decaying parts, and recycling the nutrients that life on Earth depends on.

Trees are vascular plants that develop a single main woody stem known as a trunk. Generally, trees grow to 15 feet or taller. Trees differ from shrubs, which are shorter and usually have multiple stems. Trees span the three vascular plants- pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Gymnosperms and angiosperms propagate by seeds. In the former type seeds are exposed or naked, or a structure such as; cone on the latter, they are within the ovary of a flower. Pteridophytes on the other hand are seedless vascular plants such as tree fern.

Not all parts of a tree are alive at one time, especially in time. Keeping so much mass alive all the time would require more energy than a tree’s system could handle the inner core of the trunk, called the heartwood, is composed of-out-of commission xylem that no longer transport water throughout the tree similarly the oldest layers of phloem, which transports the food manufactured through photosynthesis form the outer dead bark of the trees surface. In between the hard word and bark lies the trees safe would its living energy storage tissue.

Why Do Leaves Changes Colour?

As days grow shorter and temperature cooler deciduous trees prepare for winter dormancy. Lacking submission light and water, photosynthesis shuts down, and trees were still live of food stored during the growing season.

In spring, leaves lay the groundwork for their demise. A special layer of cells forms at the base of each leaf called the abscission of separation of layer. Its work is to transport water to the leaf and take water to the leaf and take food created by photosynthesis back to the tree.

In autumn, the cells of this layer begin to swell and the bottom of this layer forms a corklike substance that eventually cuts off all transfer between leaf tree. Meanwhile, the top of the layer begins to disintegrate making it easy for the leaf to detach.

As photosynthesis ceases, the leaves lose their chlorophyll which gives them their green colour.Without chlorophyll, other colours emerge. Yellow and orange for example are normally present in the leaves but are overshadowed by the chlorophyll. Maple leaf red occurs because glucose remains when photosynthesis shuts down oak leaf brown represents wastes is left in the leaves.

A Tree From Ages Past

The long needled Wollemi pine is a survivor from the ages of the dinosaurs. While the Fossil records made 200 million years old species known to us it was believed to be extinct. Then in 1994 and Australian officer found a single tree in the blue mountains in Wollemi National park subsequently 100 adult trees were counted their. Conservation efforts funded in part from the sale of saplings go to save and strengthen the species. Fossil replica of a wollemi pine because the 200 million years history of this Australian tree fewer than hundred survive in the wild the world’s oldest existing species of tree.

Nicolaus Copernicus, his Ideology and observations

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) was a Polish Augustinian canon, bien in the city of Torun, and a man of many talents – in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, economics and politics. He made improved astronomical observations of planetary motions from which he concluded that a description of the Solar System with planets including the Earth, all orbiting nthe Sun- a heliocentric model- was more consistent with the observations. In 1543, he described his model in a book, Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On The Orbits of Heavenly Bodies); it is said that he received the printed version of the book on his death-bed. Copernicus was still reluctant to abandon the idea that all motions had to be circular at a constant speed so, since planetary orbits are actually ellipses, he assumed that the Sun was slightly displaced from the orbital centres, which gave varying distances from the Sun, as observed, and also explained why planets have a greater angular speed when closer to the Sun. Even so he still had to introduce small epicycles to match his observations.

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Galileo on Heliocentric Theory

In 1610 Galileo published his observations of Jupiter and Venus in Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry Messenger), which promoted the heliocentric model of the solar system and this once again provoked opposition by the church. In 1616, support for the heliocentric theory was declared as heresy and all heretical publications, which included works by Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo were placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, the list of books that Catholics were forbidden to read. Thereafter, to openly support the corpernican model was very hazardous indeed. Copernicus never knew of the furore that his ideas were to produce.

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